Interleukin-36 upregulates type-I interferon responses in systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting the accumulation of self-nucleic acids
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Welsh, Emma J.
McCluskey, Daniel
Baum, Patrick
Lewis, Myles J.
Capon, Francesca
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2026
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INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported an up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-36 in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we sought to define the mechanisms whereby IL-36 may contribute to the over-activation of type I Interferon (IFN) responses observed in SLE. METHODS: We carried out single-cell (sc)RNA-seq in healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with IL-36 (n=5 donors). We compared the genes and transcriptional networks that were induced by IL-36 with those that were upregulated in a published SLE scRNA-seq dataset (n=33 cases and 11 controls). In follow-up studies, we validated the effects of IL-36 on monocytes by real-time PCR (n=9 donors) and flow-cytometry (n=6). RESULTS: Classical monocytes were the immune population most affected by IL-36 treatment (n=203 Differentially Expressed Genes). In these cells, IL-36 upregulated transcriptional networks (regulons) driven by IRF7, a key activator of type I IFN responses. A similar upregulation of IRF7 regulons was observed in the monocytes of SLE cases, where measurements of IL-36 and IRF7 activity were significantly correlated (r=0.35, P = 0.02). Experimental follow-up studies in human monocytes showed that IL-36 downregulates multiple RNAse genes (RNASE1, RNASE6, RNASET2). IL-36 treatment of monocytes also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (45% vs 37% in untreated cells; P = 0.001), which are a critical source of self-nucleic acids. CONCLUSION: We find that IL-36 promotes monocyte apoptosis while downregulating self-nucleic acid clearance. Thus, IL-36 contributes to the accumulation of self-nucleic acids, a key driver of type I IFN responses in SLE.
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Frontiers in immunology
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16